Grillot, ‘Dans ce Haut-Congo Fran9ais \ MC (step 19step 14), step one40-1

96 AOM, AP648, Decree to your production of a great Commune from the Brazzaville, 5 October 1911; message regarding Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, ten (1910), 331; AOM, 4(2)D7, Yearly report regarding Moyen-Congo, Brazzaville, 1911. 97 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, thirty-six. 98 Mandat-Grancey, Bien au Congo, 182. 99 Veistroffer, Vingt arts chat room finnish, 103; Baratier, Bien au Congo, 121. one hundred Colonel Moll, Une dme de colonial: lettres du Lieutenant-Colonel Moll (Paris, Emile-Paul, 1912), 10; Deschamps, De Bordeaux bien au Tchad, 22-5; Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44-6; Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, step three2-step 3, step three 8 ^ 0 . 101 To possess urban architecture into the colonial Africa, look for, Philip D. Betts, Unsure proportions: west to another country empires from the twentieth century (Minneapolis: College from Minnesota Force, 1985), 114-46; Odile Goerg, ‘Reflexion en ce qui concerne l’architecture europeenne le enough time de- los angeles cote africaine a partir de l’exemple de la Guinee’, inside Almeida-Topor and you may Riesz (eds.), Rencontres franco-allemandes en ce qui concerne VAfrique, 81-92; and you will Gwendolyn Wright, ‘Tradition regarding solution of modernity: structures and you can urbanism in French colonial rules, 1900-1930′, Log of contemporary Record, 59 (Summer 1987), 291-316. 102 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 34. 103 To the background and you will significance of the fresh Fourteenth of July inside Brazzaville, come across Phyllis Yards. Martin, ‘National vacations turned: the latest fourteenth away from July for the Brazzaville’, papers presented during the thirty-7th annual meeting of African Studies Organization, Toronto, ps, ‘Rapport sur los angeles region de- Brazzaville’. 105 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, thirty-six. 106 Speech regarding Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 337. 107 Gabrielle and you may Joseph Vassal, Franfais, Beige et Portugais en Afrique Equatoriale (Paris: Pierre Roger, 1926), 42. 108 Headrick, ‘The impression out of colonialism towards health’, 221. 109 Curtin, ‘Medical knowledge and you can urban planning’, 594-seven. 110 Ibid., 598-609; and Headrick, ‘The feeling away from colonialism for the health’, 143-cuatro, 801-2. 111 Bonchamps, ‘Rapport sur la part de- Brazzaville’. 112 Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44; Sautter, De VAtlantique aufleuve Congo, vol. I, 398. 113 Challaye, Le Congo Franfais, 219. 114 JO, ps, ‘Rapport en ce qui concerne la part de- Brazzaville’; also AOM, 4(2)D1, Brazzaville Officer to help you Commissioner-General in the Libreville, thirteen July 1901. 116 Quoted in Headrick, ‘The effect of colonialism for the health’, 383. 117 JO, 20 May 1905. 118 AGPSE, 510BVI, Annual account ‘Oeuvres de los angeles Sainte-Enfance’, twenty four October 1901,1 January 1903,10 November 1912. 119 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 42. Chikouangue is actually a regard to manioc cash. 120 AOM, TP152, very first collection, Mission Fillon, Statement out of Yards. Henri on the Brazzaville workforce, 1913. 121 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-nine.

Fehderau, The origin and you can development of Kituba (Lingua Franca Kikongo) (Kisangani: Universite Libre du Congo, 1966) suggests that Kituba was a language associated with the slave-trade; William J

122 AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Objective Diary, 29 May 1908; Roentgen. P. C. 123 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9. 124 Discover, such as for example, J.-P. Chretien and you may Grams. Prunier (eds.), Les ethnies ont une histoire (Paris: Karthala, 1989); Leroy Vail (ed.), The manufacture of tribalism inside southern area Africa (London: James Currey, 1989; Chris Grey, Adaptation and you will cultural label: the creation of national area within the outlying France and you will colonial place within the outlying Gabon (Bloomington: Indiana College Center on In the world Change and you can Industry Peace, 1994); Terence Ranger, The fresh new creativity out of culture from inside the colonial Africa’, within the Hobsbawm and Ranger (eds.), The newest development from lifestyle, 211-62, that he provides changed since innovation away from society revisited: the fact out of colonial Africa’, within the Terence Ranger and you may Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Legitimacy together with county into the 20th 100 years Africa (London: Macmillan, 1993), 62-111. Throughout the up-date regarding their article, Ranger could have been influenced, yet others, from the Benedict Anderson, Dreamed organizations: reflections to the roots and you may spread out-of nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). 125 Harold W. Samarin, The latest sources out-of Kituba and you may Lingala’, Journal of African Dialects and you may Linguistics, 12, step 1 (September 1991), 47-77, implies that its diffusion is far more regarding overseas railway gurus on straight down Congo. 126 ASMF, Age l l . Brev fran Kongo, Lindgren to help you SMF, 18 Oct 1911; B and you may Age. zero. step one, Korr., Lindgren so you can SMF, eleven November 1911; F. zero. step one, Dagbok, twenty two February 1914; Brev fran Kongo, G. An effective. Hult in order to SMF, eleven January 1918. 127 Address away from Governor-Standard Merlin, BCAF, ten (1910), 337. 128 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9; AOM, 4(2)D13, Statement regarding the Pool region, Brazzaville, Can get 1913. 129 Mumbansa mwa Bawele, ‘Y an excellent-t-il de l’ensemble des Bangalas?’ Zaire-Afrique, 78 (arin, ‘The roots from Kituba and you may Lingala’, 47, 57-69, and ‘Bondjo ethnicity and colonial imagination’, Canadian Diary regarding African Knowledge, 18 (1984), 345-65. 130 ‘Brazzaville’, BPSE, twenty five (1909-10), 511; AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Mission Journal, 29 Will get 1908,25 September 1910,step 1 December 1913. 131 Look for chapters step 3 and you may cuatro. 132 Grillot, ‘Dans ce Haut-Congo Francais’, 139; ‘Brazzaville’, BCPSE, 27 (1913-14), 55; P. Augouard, Quarante-quatre annees bien au Congo (Evreux: Poussin, 1934), fifty, 72-3,105. 133 Girard,’Brazzaville’, 29, 31. 134 AOM, 4(2)D5, Administrative statement, Moyen-Congo, September-November 1910. 135 Frederick Cooper, ‘Urban place, industrial go out, and wage labor inside the Africa’, within his Battle on area, 23. dos step one